<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><xml><records><record><database name="jellyfish-papers" path="file://localhost/Users/bruno/Desktop/jellyfish-papers.archive">jellyfish-papers</database><source-app name="Papers" version="1.9.7">Papers</source-app><rec-number>2758</rec-number><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garm, Anders</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oskarsson, Magnus</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilsson, Dan-Eric</style></author></authors></contributors><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Current Biology</style></full-title></periodical><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Box Jellyfish Use Terrestrial Visual Cues for Navigation</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Current Biology</style></secondary-title></titles><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Current Biology, 21 (2011) 798-803. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.054</style></abstract><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.054</style></electronic-resource-num><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">9</style></number><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">798-803</style></pages><urls><pdf-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Current Biology 2011 Garm.pdf</style></url></pdf-urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2011.03.054</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">21</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 10</style></date></pub-dates></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">p02758</style></label><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">papers://33129ED8-CCF5-44D1-B638-5B8C09E5C2C1/Paper/p2758</style></custom3><keywords></keywords></record><record><database name="jellyfish-papers" path="file://localhost/Users/bruno/Desktop/jellyfish-papers.archive">jellyfish-papers</database><source-app name="Papers" version="1.9.7">Papers</source-app><rec-number>2782</rec-number><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilsson, Dan-Eric</style></author></authors></contributors><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philos Trans R Soc Lond, B, Biol Sci</style></full-title></periodical><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The evolution of eyes and visually guided behaviour</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B, Biological sciences</style></secondary-title></titles><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The morphology and molecular mechanisms of animal photoreceptor cells and eyes reveal a complex pattern of duplications and co-option of genetic modules, leading to a number of different light-sensitive systems that share many components, in which clear-cut homologies are rare. On the basis of molecular and morphological findings, I discuss the functional requirements for vision and how these have constrained the evolution of eyes. The fact that natural selection on eyes acts through the consequences of visually guided behaviour leads to a concept of task-punctuated evolution, where sensory systems evolve by a sequential acquisition of sensory tasks. I identify four key innovations that, one after the other, paved the way for the evolution of efficient eyes. These innovations are (i) efficient photopigments, (ii) directionality through screening pigment, (iii) photoreceptor membrane folding, and (iv) focusing optics. A corresponding evolutionary sequence is suggested, starting at non-directional monitoring of ambient luminance and leading to comparisons of luminances within a scene, first by a scanning mode and later by parallel spatial channels in imaging eyes.</style></abstract><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden. dan-e.nilsson@cob.lu.se</style></auth-address><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1098/rstb.2009.0083</style></electronic-resource-num><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">1531</style></number><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2833-47</style></pages><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">19720648</style></accession-num><accession-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PubMed</style></accession-type><urls><pdf-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2009 Nilsson.pdf</style></url></pdf-urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=19720648</style></url></related-urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://rstb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/364/1531/2833.long</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">364</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oct 12</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">p02782</style></label><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">papers://33129ED8-CCF5-44D1-B638-5B8C09E5C2C1/Paper/p2782</style></custom3><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photoreceptor Cells</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ocular Physiological Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Opsins</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution: Molecular</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Vision: Ocular</style></keyword></keywords></record><record><database name="jellyfish-papers" path="file://localhost/Users/bruno/Desktop/jellyfish-papers.archive">jellyfish-papers</database><source-app name="Papers" version="1.9.7">Papers</source-app><rec-number>2814</rec-number><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilsson, Dan-E</style></author></authors></contributors><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curr Opin Neurobiol</style></full-title></periodical><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eye evolution: a question of genetic promiscuity</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Current opinion in neurobiology</style></secondary-title></titles><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animal eyes have long served as a classical example of independent origin followed by convergence of structures onto a few different solutions. During the past decade this view has been challenged by the discovery of shared developmental regulatory genes. The Pax6 gene in particular is almost universally employed for eye formation in bilaterian animals, despite widely different embryological origins. The resulting controversy on the multiple or single origins of animal eyes has gradually been sharpened by continuing discoveries of further general similarities in the genetic regulatory circuits of eye development. Recent work on gene expression in specified cell types, together with comparative studies of developmental genes in cnidarians, now show some promise to a solution of the controversy.</style></abstract><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Zoology building, Helgonavägen 3, 22362 Lund, Sweden. dan-e.nilsson@cob.lu.se</style></auth-address><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1016/j.conb.2004.07.004</style></electronic-resource-num><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></number><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">407-14</style></pages><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15321060</style></accession-num><accession-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PubMed</style></accession-type><urls><pdf-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Curr Opin Neurobiol 2004 Nilsson.pdf</style></url></pdf-urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=15321060</style></url></related-urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S095943880400100X</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">14</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2004</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aug 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">p02814</style></label><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">papers://33129ED8-CCF5-44D1-B638-5B8C09E5C2C1/Paper/p2814</style></custom3><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Biological Evolution</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Models: Animal</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cnidaria</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Homeodomain Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Evolution: Molecular</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Photoreceptor Cells: Invertebrate</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eye Proteins</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gene Expression Regulation: Developmental</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Paired Box Transcription Factors</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eye</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Repressor Proteins</style></keyword></keywords></record><record><database name="jellyfish-papers" path="file://localhost/Users/bruno/Desktop/jellyfish-papers.archive">jellyfish-papers</database><source-app name="Papers" version="1.9.7">Papers</source-app><rec-number>2757</rec-number><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Albert, David J</style></author></authors></contributors><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews</style></full-title></periodical><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">What&apos;s on the mind of a jellyfish? A review of behavioural observations on Aurelia sp. jellyfish</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews</style></secondary-title></titles><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35 (2010) 474-482. 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.06.001</style></abstract><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.06.001</style></electronic-resource-num><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3</style></number><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">474-482</style></pages><urls><pdf-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 2011 Albert.pdf</style></url></pdf-urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.06.001</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">35</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2011</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Jan 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">p02757</style></label><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">papers://33129ED8-CCF5-44D1-B638-5B8C09E5C2C1/Paper/p2757</style></custom3><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Scyphozoa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Aurelia sp</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nervous system</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Behaviour</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sensory receptors</style></keyword></keywords></record><record><database name="jellyfish-papers" path="file://localhost/Users/bruno/Desktop/jellyfish-papers.archive">jellyfish-papers</database><source-app name="Papers" version="1.9.7">Papers</source-app><rec-number>2803</rec-number><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garm, A</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">O&apos;Connor, M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Parkefelt, L</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilsson, D-E</style></author></authors></contributors><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Exp Biol</style></full-title></periodical><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visually guided obstacle avoidance in the box jellyfish Tripedalia cystophora and Chiropsella bronzie</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">The Journal of experimental biology</style></secondary-title></titles><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Box jellyfish, cubomedusae, possess an impressive total of 24 eyes of four morphologically different types. Two of these eye types, called the upper and lower lens eyes, are camera-type eyes with spherical fish-like lenses. Compared with other cnidarians, cubomedusae also have an elaborate behavioral repertoire, which seems to be predominantly visually guided. Still, positive phototaxis is the only behavior described so far that is likely to be correlated with the eyes. We have explored the obstacle avoidance response of the Caribbean species Tripedalia cystophora and the Australian species Chiropsella bronzie in a flow chamber. Our results show that obstacle avoidance is visually guided. Avoidance behavior is triggered when the obstacle takes up a certain angle in the visual field. The results do not allow conclusions on whether color vision is involved but the strength of the response had a tendency to follow the intensity contrast between the obstacle and the surroundings (chamber walls). In the flow chamber Tripedalia cystophora displayed a stronger obstacle avoidance response than Chiropsella bronzie since they had less contact with the obstacles. This seems to follow differences in their habitats.</style></abstract><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Helgonavägen 3, 22362 Lund, Sweden. anders.garm@cob.lu.se</style></auth-address><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1242/jeb.004044</style></electronic-resource-num><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Pt 20</style></number><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">3616-23</style></pages><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">17921163</style></accession-num><accession-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PubMed</style></accession-type><urls><pdf-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">J Exp Biol 2007 Garm.pdf</style></url></pdf-urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=17921163</style></url></related-urls><web-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://jeb.biologists.org/content/210/20/3616.long</style></url></web-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">210</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2007</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Oct 1</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">p02803</style></label><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">papers://33129ED8-CCF5-44D1-B638-5B8C09E5C2C1/Paper/p2803</style></custom3><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cubozoa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Male</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Female</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Swimming</style></keyword></keywords></record><record><database name="jellyfish-papers" path="file://localhost/Users/bruno/Desktop/jellyfish-papers.archive">jellyfish-papers</database><source-app name="Papers" version="1.9.7">Papers</source-app><rec-number>2756</rec-number><ref-type>17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nilsson, Dan-E</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Gislén, Lars</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Coates, Melissa M</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Skogh, Charlotta</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Garm, Anders</style></author></authors></contributors><periodical><full-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></full-title></periodical><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Advanced optics in a jellyfish eye</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature</style></secondary-title></titles><abstract><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cubozoans, or box jellyfish, differ from all other cnidarians by an active fish-like behaviour and an elaborate sensory apparatus. Each of the four sides of the animal carries a conspicuous sensory club (the rhopalium), which has evolved into a bizarre cluster of different eyes. Two of the eyes on each rhopalium have long been known to resemble eyes of higher animals, but the function and performance of these eyes have remained unknown. Here we show that box-jellyfish lenses contain a finely tuned refractive index gradient producing nearly aberration-free imaging. This demonstrates that even simple animals have been able to evolve the sophisticated visual optics previously known only from a few advanced bilaterian phyla. However, the position of the retina does not coincide with the sharp image, leading to very wide and complex receptive fields in individual photoreceptors. We argue that this may be useful in eyes serving a single visual task. The findings indicate that tailoring of complex receptive fields might have been one of the original driving forces in the evolution of animal lenses.</style></abstract><auth-address><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Department of Cell and Organism Biology, Lund University, Zoology Building, Helgonavägen 3, 22362 Lund, Sweden. dan-e.nilsson@cob.lu.se</style></auth-address><electronic-resource-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.1038/nature03484</style></electronic-resource-num><number><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">7039</style></number><pages><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">201-5</style></pages><accession-num><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">15889091</style></accession-num><accession-type><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">PubMed</style></accession-type><urls><pdf-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Nature 2005 Nilsson.pdf</style></url></pdf-urls><related-urls><url><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=pubmed&amp;cmd=Retrieve&amp;dopt=AbstractPlus&amp;list_uids=15889091</style></url></related-urls></urls><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">435</style></volume><dates><year><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2005</style></year><pub-dates><date><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">May 12</style></date></pub-dates></dates><language><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">eng</style></language><label><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">p02756</style></label><custom3><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">papers://33129ED8-CCF5-44D1-B638-5B8C09E5C2C1/Paper/p2756</style></custom3><keywords><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Cubozoa</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Lens: Crystalline</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Eye</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Fields</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Animals</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Ocular Physiological Phenomena</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Optics and Photonics</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Fixation: Ocular</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Visual Perception</style></keyword><keyword><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Retina</style></keyword></keywords></record></records></xml>